木工连接

Woodworking joints
木工连接

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




Joinery is that part of woodworking that involves joining together
pieces of wood, to create furniture, structures, toys, and other
items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives,
while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden
joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, etc.- derive from the
properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the
joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet
differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to build a
house is different from that used to make puzzle toys, although some
concepts overlap.

细木工行业是木工业的一部分，涉及到把木头连接起来，用于制造家具，结构，
玩具和其他物品。一些木连接使用了扣件，bindings，或粘合剂，另外一些连接
只用木元件。木连接的特性-强度，灵活性，粘性等--来自于连接材料的属性以及
这些连接材料如何被应用在木连接上。例如，用于建造一个房子的连接件和用于
做一个玩具的连接件是不同的，即使它们用到的概念是一样的。

Contents
目录

• 1 Traditional Joinery 传统木工
• 2 Properties of wood 木头的性质
□ 2.1 Strength 强度
□ 2.2 Dimensional Stability 空间稳定性
□ 2.3 Joinery Effects
• 3 Materials used for joining 用于连接的材料
• 4 Types of joints 连接的类型
□ 4.1 Images of different types of joints连接类型的图示
• 5 See also 其它内容
• 6 Footnotes 注释
• 7 References 参考材料
• 8 External links 外部链接

[edit] Traditional Joinery传统木工

Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material
properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or
adhesives. While every culture in which pieces of wood are joined
together to make furniture or structures has a joinery tradition, wood
joinery techniques have been especially well documented and celebrated
in the Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions. The Japanese and
Chinese traditions in particular include hundreds of types of joints,
many of which do not use glue or nails. The Chinese have been using
this method for the last seven thousand years.^[1]

很多传统木工技术使用木材料特殊的属性，经常不依赖机械扣件或胶。在每种使
用木连接构造家俱和建筑的文化中，木连接技术已经被很好的记录下来，其中驰
名的是中国，欧洲，和日本传统技术。日本和中国传统尤其包含了数百种连接方
式，很多不用胶或或者五金件。中国人在过去七千年中一直使用这样的方法。

[edit] Properties of wood木材的属性

Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the
fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different
along different dimensions.

很多木连接技术依赖或者抵消了木材的各向异性的属性：它是材料在不同的维度
上具有不同的属性

[edit] Strength强度

Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than
it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially).
沿着木材纹理方向的强度超过垂直木材纹理方向的强度

[edit] Dimensional Stability空间稳定性

Wood expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less
so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions.

随着湿度的变化木材膨胀或收缩，一般来说，在纵向上比辐向和切向要小得多。


[edit] Joinery Effects


The frame and panel constructions of doors and cabinets is not purely
decorative. The panel would be fragile without the support of the
rails, whose grain runs perpendicular to that of the panel. But, if
the rails were directly fastened to the panel, the difference in the
rate of expansion across and along the grain would rip the two apart.
When properly constructed, the panel is free to expand, while still
supported by the frame.

门和柜子的框架和面板结构不仅仅是装饰。没有肋支持的面板是易碎的，当纹理
垂直于面板的时候。但是，如果肋直接加固面板，沿着纹理方向和垂直纹理方向
的膨胀率将要拉为两部分。当结构合适的时候，面板可以自由膨胀，同时被框架
支撑。


[edit] Materials used for joining用于连接的材料

• Joints can be designed to hold without the use of glue or fasteners.
连接可以被设计为不需要使用胶或者扣件

• Glue is highly effective for joining wood when both surfaces of
the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong
as a single piece of wood. However, glue is ineffective on
end-grain surfaces. Compared to a mortise and tenon, a dowel
joint is a poor joint because it does not address these
properties. Much of the surface of the hole of a dowel joint is
end-grain, to which glue adheres poorly. In a mortise and tenon,
most of the surface of the joint is longitudinal-grain. Animal
glue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be
disassembled using steam to soften the glue.

当连接的两面都是边纹理的时候，胶是高效的连接木材的方法。一个适当的胶连
接可以和单块木头的强度一样。然而，在端面，胶连接是无效的。对比榫眼
和凸榫，销连结是一个坏的连接方式，因为它没有利用这个属性。大部分销
连结的洞的表面是端面，胶粘接效果很差。在榫眼和凸榫结构下，大部分连
接表面是沿纹理方向的。动物胶可溶于水，制成的连接件可以使用水蒸气软
化胶从而分解连接。

• Various mechanical fasteners are used, the simplest being nails
and screws. Glue and fasteners can be added together.

可以使用各种机械扣件，最简单的是小五金和螺丝。胶和螺丝可以同时使用。


[edit] Types of joints连接种类

Some types of joints used include:常用的连接方式

• Biscuit joint饼干连接？

• Bridle绳http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Joinery-cornerbridle.gif
• Butt对接
• Butterfly蝴蝶
• Dowel榫钉http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Woodworking-joint-butt-dowel.gif
• Coping盖顶
• Cope and stick盖顶和胶粘
• Dado (US) or Housing Joint (UK)墙裙（美式）或房屋连接（英式）
• Dougong斗拱（这个是汉语拼音:-)）
• Dovetail燕尾榫
• Finger (US) or box combing (UK)指接（美）或boxcombing
• Lap (halving joint)搭接（半连接）
□ Cross-lap交叉搭接
□ Halved joint半连接
□ Dovetail-lap燕尾搭接
□ End-lap (corner halving joint)端搭接（角半连接）
□ Middle-lap (Tee halving joint)中间搭接（T字半连接）
• Miter (mitre)斜接
• Mortise and tenon榫眼和凸榫
• Pocket-Hole Joinery口袋洞木工？
• Rabbet (rebate)开槽接合
• Scarf (scarph)嵌接
• Splice joint拼接
• Tongue and groove舌和凹槽
• Frame and Panel (rail and stile)框和面板（栏杆和横蹬）

[edit] Images of different types of joints各种连接的图片
略

[edit] See also其它资料

• Woodworking木工
• Cabinet making橱柜制作
• Building construction建筑物
• Chinese Wooden Architecture中国木工建筑

[edit] Footnotes脚注

1. ^ Steinhardt, Nancy W. (2002). Chinese Architecture, English Ed., Yale University Press, p. 7. ISBN 0-300-09559-7.

[edit] References参考资料

• Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). The Complete Woodworker. ISBN 0-89815-022-1
• Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood. ISBN 1-56158-041-4
• Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-6999-7
• Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-004-X

[edit] External links外部链接

• DIYinfo.org's Carpentry Wiki - Practical information on creating various wood-working joints