Issue重点题目提纲 1～150题

• 

  2007-01-03 23:20:48 Credo| is back

  3、 另一方面，一些公众人物又不乐意透露全部的隐私，甚至要保持适当的神秘感，因为许多公众人物不愿意让普通人知道他们其实也不过是凡人而已，因为如果让公众发现这一点的话，它可续会很难在吸引公众的注意力了，许多传媒为了吸引大部分人的注意力，尽其所能得大肆渲染公众人物的奢侈生活，并通过许多的节目，比如mimic show等，让普通人更热衷于通过传媒感受瞬间的成就感。
  4、 就政府来说，正确的引导和利用公众了解名人隐私的兴趣能够使社会从中受益。首先，让人们了解一些名人成功的故事，不光能够像大多数人灌输正确的道德观，还可以提高人们工作和学习的积极性；其次，借助名人的影响力能够让人们更关注许多的社会问题，并激发人们来解决这些问题。
  总之，公众人物在成名之前就应当做好失去隐私的准备，因为这对于公众人物来说是必要的，对整个社会来说，正确引导人们对名人隐私的兴趣使社会从中受益，远比纯粹的保护名人隐私要有意义的多。
  
  30. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time. [15]
  30. 技术进步的首要目标应该是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时光。
  
  究竟技术进步的最终目标是什么呢？有人说是为了人们能够生活的更舒适，那么究竟什么样的生活才叫舒适呢？是提高人们的效率，并让人们拥有更多的剩余时间吗？
  [BEGIN:] What is the primary goal of technological advancement? Some may say that to provide people with more comfortable and convenient life. Then, what is the term "comfortable" means? Is one who has more leisure time due to the increasing of the efficiency enjoying the comfortable life? With the development of human society, the manifold goal of technology has become more and more manifest.
  1、 实际上，技术从人类文明诞生的时候就存在了，早期的技术目的是帮助人类征服自然并满足人类生存的需要。人类的祖先们通过对他们本来并不十分熟悉的自然探索，最终总结出了一系列的用来维护人类生存的经验，并把他们当作技术传授给下一代。这种情况一直持续到人类强大到足够忽视自然界威胁的时候，这时候的技术不光开始帮助统治者们享受奢侈的生活，同时还帮助他们统治整个国家，甚至帮助人类自相残杀。技术的双重特性开始显示出来，一方面，他为人类创造舒适的生活环境和条件，另一方面它又杀害人类，甚至阻碍人类社会的发展。工业革命之后，技术开始帮助大部分的人类提高生活质量和生活标准，技术开始飞速发展，并极大的提高了人们的生产效率，技术开始造福于大部分的人类，使得他们不光能够购买的起各种日常生活的设备，同时还向有更多的空闲时间。
  Technology emerged as soon as human race came into this world and began to fight for surviving. In the early stage, technology served as the implements for human beings to conquer the nature. In the process of struggling against all the menaces of the nature, our ancestors have generalized and accumulated all sorts of experience, and also created a series of technology in order to help the descendents to adapt the environment. This circumstance has been continued until the technology that accumulated by human race are powerful enough to overcome most of the threats of the nature. Then the twofold use of technology began to appear. On the one hand, the technology has made the dominators possible to strive for convenient and luxurious life. On the other hand, the governors also use it to quash the rebellions and exploit their people, even sometime, to fight with other nations. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, technology began to contribute to the majority of human beings. The great improvement of modern technology has eventually increased the efficiency of people’s life, and also makes it possible for most individuals to possess a large amount of leisure time.
  2、 提高人们的效率应导致人们有更多的闲暇时间是技术进步的一个必然结果，但它并不是技术的主要目标。正如许多人提高的，现代技术已经使得人们之间的关系更加冷漠，早期富有创意的手工劳动已经被机器所取代，而操作机器的工人的工作异常的枯燥，过去讨价还价的热闹景象也开始逐渐被超市里的冷漠的贸易所取代。如果说这就是技术进步的主要目的，那么技术一定会被许多人所排斥。
  In today's rapid changing society, it is hard to allege that the increasing of people's efficiency and hence enable most of people have more leisure time are the primary goal of technological advancement. As is so often pointed out, modern technology make the relationship between people become more impersonal and aloof. The early initiative handicraft has been replaced by assembly line of machinery, and the works' jobs are always unutterably boring. The bargaining between people also gives its ways to the high efficient trade in the supermarket. So, spectacles above are the primary goal of the modern technology, it bound to raise many persons' unsatisfactory.
  3、 在当今的飞速发展的时代，技术的目的逐渐变的越来越多，首先，技术的发展速度越来越快，而应用到人们生活中的周期也越来越短，这无疑为人类提供了更多的舒适设备，并使得大多数的人们能够更明显的享受到技术的便利；其次，忽视对自然影响工业技术的快速发展，最终导致技术的发展一些侧面开始影响到整个社会，并开始从某种意义上说阻碍人类社会的发展，比如工业废水和废气会对人类的健康造成严重影响；
  The two-edged effect of the technology which can be used equally for good or evil has become more manifest than ever. For one thing, the extraordinary progress in technology enhances persons’ capable of creating more convenient and enjoyable life and living environment. However, the influence of the development of industrial technology upon the nature has been completely neglected, and leads some aspects of the technology has adversely affected the people's life, and in the end impede the entire progress of human society. For instance, the toxic gases, petrol fumes and polluted water that released from the factory are all greatly hampered the people's health. So, to the managers of the factory, making a profit, even at the cost of polluted the environment, serving as the primary goal for him to use the technology, and on the contrary, common people may regard providing the comfortable life as the primary goal of using the technology.
  
  没有人会知道未来的技术究竟会发展成怎样，就好像我们的祖先无法预知我们现在的世界一样。我们也许应当非常严肃的问一问自己，如果技术的双重目标：为人类提供舒适的生活和阻碍社会的发展继续下去，会发生什么？
  The manifold goals of technology are, of course, the result of the evolution of human society. The circumstance that different groups in the society holds different expectation of technology will also continues.
  
  *31.Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial. [16]
  *31. 花在研究上的资金几乎都是好的投资，即使研究结果是有争议的。
  以认识大自然以及各种奥秘为目的的研究，毫无疑问是有价值的，无论结果是否具有争议性。部分研究中的争议问题不应当成为阻碍研究发展的理由，就好像人类不可能为了逃避污染而放弃工业给我们带来的便利一样。
  [BEGIN:] Research which aims at recognizing the unknown world, is valuable not only to the filed it concerned but also to the whole world. Controversy raised from some researches, though sometimes may have profound effects upon the entire society, should not serve as the reasons to withdraw the investment of other fields of research, just like human beings have never banned the application of automobile, though the toxic gas it released are hampering the people's health.
  1、 在人类的演化过程中，科学研究发挥着非常重要的作用。首先，研究向人们揭示自然界的各种现象，将人类有愚昧无知转变为现在的高度发达的文明世界。其次，研究帮助人们解决各种各样的问题，在人类发展初期，研究帮助人类对抗自然的威胁，现在研究推动科技以及知识的发展，并能够用于解决在科技发展的同时产生的各种各样的社会问题。
  Research has played a crucial role in the evolution of human society and this tread has become more and more manifest. First of all, through revealing the principle behind the various phenomena, research has transformed the human race from ignorance into today's civilized world. Then, it also helps people solving all sorts of problems. In the early stage of civilization, our ancestors developed various methods weaken the menace of the nature by means of research. Now, the researches has become one of the greatest impetuses of modern technology and not only make it possible for most of the people to enjoy the more convenient life but also contribute to overcome the social problems caused by the social development.
  2、 基于上面的陈述，研究作为人类为名发展的主要动力之一，于其他领域相比较，是值得进行投资的。如果我们投资钱创办制造各种产品的工厂，我们不会得到任何科技领域的回报，除了我们能够拥有更多产品购买，而如果我们把钱投入到研究上，尽管也许大部分人不能够直接获益，但是科技却能够因此得到发展，最终整个社会都会收益。这一点在当今的科技飞速发展的时代尤为明显。
  Convinced with the benefits above, endowments in the research fields are much more worthwhile compared with other kinds of investments. For example, spending certain amount of money in constructing a factory, though may increase the number of goods in the market place, or in other words to bring some immediate benefits to the human society, seldom have any profound effects to the entire development of human civilization. However, the investment on the research always contributes to the improvement of technology and hence the promotion of the civilized level. This circumstance has become much more manifest in today's rapid changing world because the time spend on transforming the results of scientific research into practical use has been shortened greatly, and also made the modern research began to possess short-term advantage towards the whole society.
  3、 尽管有的研究会带给社会代来一些潜在的威胁和争议，但是这未必是坏事。一方面，争议性的研究同样能够帮助人类认识未曾接触到的领域，另一方面，一些争议性的研究能够吸引更多人的目光，因此能够让更多的人愿意投身到科技的发展中来。
  4、 不得不承认，有的研究的确会给社会带来灾难性的后果，尤其是用于研究各种武器的研究。正如许多人所指出的那样，研究的双重性意味着：人们不光能够用研究提高生活的标准，而且还可以用来摧毁人类社会。比如，各国在努力发展经济的同时，都在同时研发更先进的武器。
  Admittedly, the twofold effect of research has become much more apparent than ever. On one hand, the researches help the human beings to construct the comfort environment in the world. On the other hand, it also ruins the pleasant ambience of people's dwelling. Today, many countries encourage most of the researches for the purpose of developing the nation's economy and enhancement of the citizens' living standard, at the same time, they also endow a large amount of money in order to research many powerful weapons that have potential threat upon the rest of the world. In addition, some research fields contradicting with the certain tradition or even the ethic standers, and therefore brings the conflicts into the present society. In the extreme case the order of the whole civilization has been broken out. So, introducing a set of instructions which guilds the inclination of the research endowments by government are one of the best ways to overcome the adverse effect.
  总之，研究能够让我们更清晰的认识我们居住的世界，并推动科技和文明的进步。因此，投入更多的钱到研究上能够让我们拥有更好的明天。
  In sum, research is not only give people a more further recognition towards the world but also propel the progress of the technology and civilization. Therefore, investment on most of the research may strength the belief of a brighter future.
  
  33. Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image. [17]
  33. 在当代社会，打造一个吸引人的形象已经变得比形象背后的现实或真相更加重要了。
  
  在当今社会的快速变化导致人们生活节奏的加快的时代，人们更热衷于事物的外表，而不是它背后的事实。
  
  1、尽管几乎所有人都知道事物背后的事实要比他的外表更重要，但是美丽时尚的外表却逐渐的被越来越多的人，尤其是年轻人，所追求。最明显的例子之一就是充斥街头的各种广告了，现在的公司投入比过去多得多的钱为了制作更具吸引力的广告，因为影响深刻的广告要比过去以引更多的人来购买产品，许多人甚至并不确定它是否真的需要广告中推荐的产品或者是否了解这个产品的性能，只是因为漂亮和影响深刻的广告，就决定要去购买这样的产品。此外，公司里的设计者也需要花费更多的精力来设计产品的外观，因为许多人愿意为想能相同但外表更漂亮的产品花费更多的钱。在政治上也是如此，政治家们也投入更多精力在选举前的宣传上，他们花费更多的时间研究如何给宣明留下深刻的印象，而人们也更乐于从电视上看到他们喜爱的政治家，从这个意义上说，宣传对于政治家来说要比实际制定的政策和法律更重要。
  2、上述的现象是由多方面的因素造成的。首先，对大部分来说，在他们并没有对事物进行更深刻的调查和研究之前，他们的第一影响就是外表，所以，外表更漂亮的产品显然要比一般产品吸引更多的注意力。其次，人们生活节奏的加快使得多数人没有足够的时间在购买产品之前，对产品进行深入的了解，这最终导致人们开始习惯用直觉来选择产品，而不是产品性能。这一点在科技日益发达的今天显得尤为突出，因为大部分厂商在设计和制造产品的时候开始以消费者的心理来进行设计，相反的则忽视了产品的实际性能。在政治上，为了赢得选举，政治家们也开始研究市民的心理，而不是国家的发展方向。
  3、尽管现代人们是多么的关心事物的外表，但从长远来看，事物背后的实质仍旧充当着真正的决定因素。一些小企业为了挣足够的钱，以外表为代价换取性能上的低劣，最终导致实际的产品难以满足多数用户的实际需要。当用户发现他们购买的漂亮产品质量很差之后，他们会吸取教训，购买更实用的产品。政治家们的宣传也是一样，当人们发现他们喜爱的政治家使得国家的经济受到损失的时候，会毫不犹豫地支持其他反对的政治家。
  
  总之，事物的外表虽然能够为公司或者政治家带来短期的利益，但是从长远来看，事物背后的实质才是真正的决定性因素。
  
  36.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries. [18]
  36. 一个人是否伟大只能由后人评定，而非由同时代的人。
  
  Précis & Syllabus:
  在人类社会发展的过程中，几乎所有的人都对整个社会的发展发挥的或多或少的影响。一些人的行为或者作品不光能够在当时的社会发挥影响，而且对现代文明的性能同样也有一定甚至是深远的影响，而另一些人虽然在当时几乎没有为社会或者社群做出任何贡献，但却在之后的社会发展中发挥着巨大的推动作用。换句话说，任何人的行为都具备短期效应和长期效应，相比于那些同代者，后来者能够更加清晰的认识到他们是否伟大。
  The evolution of human civilization has been replete with various kinds of influence of different persons. Some of them have effected not only to the contemporaries community but also to the future development of the human world, while others may not contributes to the society of that time, but have profound impacts on the next generations. So, both the contemporary persons and people who live after them can decide the greatness of one individual.
  1、 不可否认，相当多数的人在当时的社会发挥着重要的作用。这一点对于政治家来说尤为明显，多数作为国家领导者的政治家都能够在当时的社会产生一定的影响无论这种影响是坏还是好。比如一个国家的总统，不光决定了这个国家一段时间的发展情况，同时也会对世界其他国家的情况产生或多或少的影响
  First of all, no one can deny every phase in the history possess its celebrities who have played the crucial role in the contemporary society. This is particularly manifest in the political realm. Most of the political leaders have been delegated the right to decide most of the issues of one nation and only those who live at that era can experience the influence of those measures introduced by the politicians upon the contemporary society. In addition, some efforts made by those who live under the spotlight all day long and possess a large amount of advocators also exert an influence on the contemporary community. For example, Mark Twain as one of the most famous writers of the world has already been the best selling author of his time, most of his works have left a strong impression on people who live at that era, and even today present individuals are also likely to cited the commons made by critics of that time in order to convince their praise about Mark Twain's books.
  2、 相比之下，后人能够更加客观和准确的从历史的角度判断前人对社会的影响。首先，相比于同时代的人来说，后人不会受到媒体和当时舆论的影响，因此能够更客观地看待前人的功过。其次，后人能够通过研究和了解社会发展的历史知道前人当时的行为是否对其后的社会发展产生了影响，这在同时代人看来是不可能的。比如，多数当时不出名但现在珍贵而且伟大的艺术作品都是后人发现的。
  Compared with the contemporary persons, people live after the great persons have several advantages to assess the greatness of them. Firstly, people live in the next generations have more easy to undertake an objective survey in judging the greatness of those who served as the dominant figure in the prior time. Consciously or unconsciously, most of the residents have been influenced by the celebrities of that time, and their decisions or commons also impossible to avoid the influences of such kind. Secondly, some of the behaviors and measures have far-reaching impacts on the progress of human civilization and the complete commons should be made after considering the future effects. For instance, many accomplished artists and innovative inventors have been regarded as pagans and get nothing but ridicule at that time, but some of the works and inventions proved to be priceless and have profound effects on the human culture and technology.
  3、 对于个人是否伟大的判断是一个持续的过程，时间越久，也就越容易看出个人的伟大程度。有的个人的作品和行为会被一度认为是对社会发展有害，而最后又被纠正为有益，这些不同判断的产生都是由于后人在判断前人的时候忽视了当时的历史环境以及其他条件的限制造成的。因此，几乎没有什么东西比是将更能检验一个人的伟大程度
  Both long term effects and short term effects of the great persons' behaviors and achievements are important in the judgments of the greatness of one individual. On the one hand, commons of contemporary people towards the celebrities have always made by their own experience. On the other hand, people live after the great persons have the opportunity to attain the more objective and complete views on the basis of all the efforts made by their forefathers.
  总之，时间能够检验一切，包括一个人的伟大程度。后人能够比同时代的人更清晰的认识前人的伟大，只是因为他们拥有比同时代的人更多的时间用来检验。
  In sum, the opinion that only those who live after one individual can they decide the greatness of him is groundless. The long term effects and the short term effects are decided respectively by people live after the great persons and those who existed at the same era with the celebrities. Therefore, both contemporary people and the offspring’s are have the capability to decide the greatness of those great persons.
  
  38. In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. [19]
  38. 在电视时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
  
  电视在社会中的不断普及，书籍对于人们生活的重要性或多或少的受到了影响。尽管人们似乎更乐于坐在电视机面前，而不是像过去一样把主要的休闲时间放在阅读书籍上，但是说电视能够像书籍一样提供人们相同的知识是没有根据和荒谬的。
  1、Admittedly, 电视的确在人们的生活中扮演越来越重要的角色。对于主要以接受电视为主的普通人们来说，电视已经成为他们主要的休闲方式，大部分工作了一天的人们选择收看电视中的娱乐节目进行放松，而real-time播放的电视新闻，同样也能够充分满足关心政治的人们的需要。对于许多的公众人物(public figures)和公司(business firm)来说来说，电视能够成为他们提升知名度的手段，政治家在电视上演讲能够让全国过甚至全球的观众了解它的政策和观点，这一点在竞选时其尤为明显，而公司在电视上进行宣传要比其他的方式更有效。
  2、电视逐渐占据人们生活中更多的时间并没有阻止书籍在现代社会保持它的重要角色。首先，目前主要的知识仍旧是以书籍的形式存在的，比如在学校里的书本几乎全部都是书籍。几乎所有人在教育的初期，都是使用阅读书籍作为主要的获取知识的方式，这很大程度上决定了人们更自然的习惯于阅读书籍作为学习的主要途径。其次，就体积和便携性而言，书籍要比电视方便许多。书籍的小巧和容易携带的优点使大部分人选择在等候公共汽车的时候阅读书籍而不是收看电视。
  3、实际上，在当今社会中，电视和书籍作为人类生活中的两种重要的媒体互相补充，为人们的生活提供更多的方便和享受。一方面，电视和书籍在社会中已经基本形成了服务于人们生活的不同的功能，电视能够播放动态的视频的能够使得他成为人们休闲和获得新闻等更新快速的消息的手段。而书籍仍旧是大多数人获得知识的手段。另一方面，电视和书籍也开始互相补充，比如，报纸能够克服电视的缺点而成为人们获取新闻的重要手段，而许多媒体也开始制作用于教学的视频节目，帮助人们更清晰和生动的认识复杂的科学知识。
  总之，电视和书籍都在人们的说活中扮演着重要角色。电视帮助人们休闲并获得时时地信息，而书籍成为多数人获取知识的手段。
  
  *40.Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem. [20]
  *40. 学者和研究人员不应该关注他们的工做是否对社会有所贡献； 他们追求自己个人的兴趣更为重要，无论那些兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊。
  
  Précis & Syllabus:
  许多人认为科学和研究应当为整个社会服务，并根据这个原因得出研究者和学者都应当尽可能的从事相对来说更有利于社会的研究。尽管这个观点表面上看似乎正确，但是争论却因为对于contribute的这个词的不同看法而引起了，因为在人类社会中并没有统一的标准用来衡量什么学科要比另一些学科contributes more to the human society. 因此，让科学家们根据自己的兴趣进行研究最最好的解决上述问题的方法。
  Many people argue that scholars and researchers should make their contribution to the issues that may contribute most to the human society rather than to select the research fields by their own interest. This statement seems rational at first glance; however, an precarious situation has been appeared from the different identifications of the term "contribution" because different people have different comprehension toward the standards of this term. In order to preclude the confusions of the above argument, many people states that providing the scholars and researchers with the opportunity to select their research fields should benefit the evolution of human world in the long run.
  
  1、 首先，不可否认，确实有一些学科能够对当时社会发展起显著的推动作用。甚至一些学科就是为了解决社会问题而出现的，这些学科能够在短期内让整个社会受益，因此许多的政府和国际机构都投入了足够的资源和政策帮助科学家们从事这类的科学研究。比如，许多科学家们正在研究解决大气污染问题的方法，为了尽可能的减少大气污染对于人类生活的影响
  First of all, no one can deny there are some realms of research that have been made for the purpose of solving the current social problems existed in contemporary human society. In this era of rapid improvement of modern industry and technology leading to the emergence of various unprecedented menace to the human existence, many efforts and probes, even some nascent disciplines, have been introduced to offset or diminish most of these threatens. For instance, the increasing pollution in the modern worlds have become one of the most urgent problems that human being are confronted, and a large sum of resources and privileges have been distributed by the governments in order to help scholars and scientists to undergo many surveys and research which may eventually find the most rational solution to offset the adverse effect of the toxic gas and waste water on people's life. Such kinds of researches have become more and more necessary not only in the present time but also in the future development of human society.
  2、 但在一段很长的时间里，判断什么样的研究最有利于社会的长远发展几乎不可能。正如经常被提到的，科学研究的主要目的是帮助人类认识他们所未知的事物，从这个观点出发，几乎所有的研究都是有利于社会的人们认识世界并能够帮助人们利用探索得到的知识改造世界的。比如，当年伽利略的自由落体定律，似乎并没有解决当时社会的任何问题，但是却成为后人发展物理学的基础并对人类社会的发展发挥了重要的作用。
  By considering the primary purpose of the science and technology, almost all the research fields have positive effects towards human society in the long run. As is so often pointed out, the research works whether it has been regarded as the good or evil at contemporary age all aimed at helping human beings to recognize the unknown world and have more or less contributed to the progress of human society. The famous law of free fall which has been discovered by Galileo, for instance, though has done nothing to the developments of coeval society, has propelled the human world into a new stage and also makes it possible for modern people to understand the principle behind numerous physical phenomenon in the world.
  3、 对于许多的科学家们来说，兴趣可能是他们选择研究课题的重要因素。首先，个人兴趣能够让科学家们更热衷于所从事的研究，相比之下，如果他们被迫选择一些他们并不感兴趣的fields研究不光会在短期内耗尽他们的积极性，而且还会很容易造成研究中的失误和疏忽。其次，科学家们很据自己兴趣选择研究领域能够让富有创新性和远见的科学家从事有利于人类社会长远发展的课题，并能够保持社会长期稳定的发展。相反，如果让所有的科学家从事几个有限数量的学科，虽然可能很快的解决社会问题，但是对未来的发展是有不利影响的。
  To most of the scientists, the interesting has played the crucial role in their engagement towards the truth and axiom. First, pursuing their favorite research work can promote the enthusiasm of the researchers and scholars. By contrast, impel most of the scientists to do the research in the fields that they have no interest will not only decrease their activity in the work but also cause many evitable mistakes and flaws in the process. Moreover, more innovative and originated discoveries have been made through giving the freedom to the scientists in selecting the realms of researches. On the contrary, constrain all the efforts on the limited numbered of the fields will obstruct the development of the entire society.
  总之，任何科学家和学者都有选择喜欢研究的领域的权力，就像任何人都有选择穿自己喜欢衣服的权力一样。所有的科学研究从长远看都是有用的，不光包括那些新兴的用于解决短期社会问题的学科，同样也包含unusual or idiosyncratic fields of research.
  In sum, every scholar has the right to select the research field in which they are interested, just like every person has the right to wear his favorite dress. So, all the scientific efforts are benefits to the evolution of human society no matter what it have been viewed in the contemporary society.
  
  41. Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. [21]
  41. 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及通灵和超自然探索在社会中扮演着很重要的角色，它们 满足了那些主流科学满足不了的人类需求。
  
  从理论上说，诸如占星、算命以及通灵和超自然探索这样的非主流学科都将会随着科技的发展逐步消失。但是在科技发达的今天，非自然学科仍旧在社会的发展中发挥着一定的作用。
  I fundamentally agree with the assertion that some of the nomainstream areas of inquiry, such as astrology, fortune-telling, psychic and so forth, still play its role in people's lives and in some cases can also performance some needs that can not be satisfied by the mainstream science. Maybe some day the nonmainstream areas will extinct in the human society, however, until now there is little evidence shows that this will happen in the foreseeable future.
  1、 占星、算命以及通灵和超自然探索这样的非主流学科都曾经满足过人类都种程度的需要。在古代，人类虽积累的知识以及对这个世界的认识非常有限，许多的自然现象都无法解释，因此超自然学科被用来解释一切的问题，从为什么人会死到为什么会下雨。所有人的行为都能够用这套公式化的理论来进行解释。这些超自然的学科在这时候充当着人类社会的主要角色，并成为维护社会稳定和发展的基础。之后，统治者开始使用这些学科对人民进行统治，这时候这些超自然学科成为了少数人统治多数人的工具。随着科学技术的不断发展，人们能够使用科学结束越来越多的问题，这时候过去曾经是主导角色的学科开始被边缘化，并最终成为了非主流学科。
  Let up get down to the fundamental and retrospect to the nascent phrase of these nonmainstream disciplines in the human world and scrutiny the essence and motive behind them. In the early stage of human civilizations, the limited knowledge that generalized from people's primarily practical experience unable to explain most of the nature phenomena and declare the principles for ancient people, but this circumstance does not prevent human race from creating a set of superstitious assumptions and explanations in order to satisfy people’s curiosity and calm the worry and fear. Through the accumulation of observations and imaginations, a relatively complete system was formulated and tends to play the dominant role in human society. Then, with the coming of the caste system into the human society, these kinds of superstitious theory have been exploited by several groups of people to dominate the rest persons and establish a dictatorial empire. In this respect, most of such subjects as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits have ever served as the dominate role in the human world.
  
  Consciously or unconsciously, some of the modern value systems, such as the religion, which is based on the nonmainstream areas, are still influence the people's daily lives and even way of thinking. This is especially manifested popular in the western nations which Christians take a major part in the overall population.
  2、 今天，尽管超自然学科已经不再是社会的主导力量，但是他仍旧帮助人类维护社会的稳定。首先，许多的超自然学科能够对普通人进行教化，并向他们灌输健康有益的思想。相比于科学技术，边缘学科使用普通人更易理解的方式解释问题能够更容易的被他们接受，并让他们遵守基本的道德规范。其次，超自然学科也为现代科学的研究提供了资源。比如早期占星学家记载的天文学资料成为现在天文学的重要参考。As discussed above, though, ostensibly, some kinds of these nonmainstream fields has been marginalized in today’s human world, it still sink the roots in many people's mind and moral value systems, for several reasons.
  
  On the first place, most people cannot fully understand the numerous discoveries and intricate explanations which is been invented by modern technology. In this respect, many people prefer to rely on the illustrations of these nanmainstream subjects, for certain kinds of explanations not only simple but also easy to understand.
  3、 此外，超自然学科还能够满足主流学科无法满足的人类的需要。这些超自然学科在发展的漫长历程中积累了大量的理论，几乎能够为大多数的自然现象和社会问题提供一整套系统的解释和阐述，无论这些自然现象和社会问题现代科学能否回答。因此，这从一定程度上满足了大部分人的好奇心。此外，许多看似简单的自然现象如果使用主流的科学进行解释就变得相当复杂，这使得部分人更愿意向非主流学科寻求解释，这也减少了普通人们花费在解释和分析复杂问题上的时间和精力。On the second place, in today's society, there still a certain amount of nature phenomena cannot fully recognized and comprehend by the science and technology. Therefore, unduly reliance on the modern technology may eventually fall into pessimism or some time plunge the society into the chaos. Comparatively, this case barely happened in most of the marginal areas. For example, astrology, as one of the oldest disciplines in the human society, has already developed a complete system that can be used to predict most of people's future by observing the shapes of the stars in the sky and hardly find anything that cannot be explained or understand to common person. Thereby, people who place fully reliance on these subjects may seldom have feelings of sorrow or fear of death, because every thing has been predetermined.
  4、 尽管非主流学科从一定程度上对社会发展起着积极作用，但是也造成了一些的负面影响。这一点最明显的例子就是以非主流学科为基础的恐怖主义，传统的宗教信仰使得许多教徒认为人的生死是由上帝决定的，这时的人们并不珍惜生命。
  总之，尽管非主流学科锁着科学技术的发展逐渐书去了他的主导地位，但是非主流学科的确能够在现代社会中满足主流学科所不能提供的优点，并在社会的稳定和发展中发挥着作用。
  
  In sum, as discussed above, most of nanmainstream areas can still serve as the vital role in the human society and can also fulfill people's needs some of which cannot be engaged by the contemporary mainstream subjects.
  
  
  43. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. [22]
  43. 一位政府官员要想成为一位有效力的领导者，就必须保持最高的伦理和道德修养。
  
  很难准确的衡量伦理和道德修的高和低，因此，
  To claim the
  1、 商业领域：成功的领导才能和能力是最重要的，商业领域人们普遍认为具备高能力和素质的领导就是具备高的伦理和道德修养的人了，企业的领导也要承担一定的责任，吃了在法律范围以内进行贸易 (pursuit their trade within the bound of the laws.)
  2、 政治领域：人们对于政府的领导人则要苛刻得多，普遍的观点认为领导人必须同时具备道德和伦理修养才能够胜任国家的领导者的职位。尽管领导人不一定都具备最高的伦理和道德修养，比如Stalin或者Hitler，但他们都能够很好的应和公众对于道德和伦理的要求，并让当时的大多数人为他们具备到层次的道德和伦理要求。
  3、 社会或者精神领域 (social and spiritual field)：毫无疑问的具备高的伦理和道德修养。Gandhi和Martin Luther King，
  

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2007-01-03 23:21:21 Credo| is back

  46."While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation." [23]
  46. 尽管政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归功于高度的竞争意识，社会还是应该培养年轻人的合作意识，这更有助于他们以后成为领导者。
  
  合作重要：
  1、 随着技术的发展，社会越来越复杂，因此越来越多的社会问题需要通过合作而不是竞争来解决，因此合作对于未来的领导来说是首要的精神。
  2、 培养学生合作精神能够让他们更容易接受不同的观点，而且乐于了解不同的文化和知识，有利于学生们在全球化趋势的今天成长城为未来的领导
  3、 此外，未来的领导人需要领导一个团队，而不是个人，因此合作精神能够让学生们更容易成长成为一个团队的领导。
  
  **47. "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills." [24]
  47. 社会没有给予思维能力，即推理和其他的认知技能，足够的重视。
  
  [BEGIN:] In today’s technological advanced world, the ability of reasoning and cognition has been regarded as one of the fundamental ability for most people to survive and compete in the society. That is why many people think it is necessary to enhance the emphasis of the importance of the intellect. However, in order for the constant development of the entire human society, to place balanced emphasis on both intellect and non-intellectual skills, such as emotion, and instinct, in the society is the best solution.
  1、 强调认知能力重要：
  To emphasis the reasoning and other cognitive skills in the modern society can benefit to both the common people and the entire world. First of all, the cognition has played a crucial role in the growth of one person. From the moment of the birth, one began its trail of the cognition. In the early stage, people can only duplicate the behavior of their parents, while with the growing process continues, the learning skills has been introduced in order to help one to comprehend the principles behind the phenomenon. Gradually, the establishment of the intellect finally makes it possible for all the individuals to gaining the basic skills to survive in the modern technological world. Second, the reasoning and cognitive skills also served as the impetus of the progress of the entire society. With the development of intellect, human race can not only obtain more knowledge and discovery but also have the opportunity to achieve a greater improvement in the technological field and eventually promote the living condition of all the people.
  2、 过分强调推理和认知能力不好：
  Though the reasoning and other cognitive skills have great significant in the evolution of human civilization, overemphasis the intellect and neglect the other non-intellectual skill also will hamper the human society. For example, people today are facing much more pressure than they used to do. The entire working hour has been decreased, however, the increasing efficiency make people have to produce more goods in a relatively short time. This situation results in the promotion of the depression and many physiological illness in common people and eventually obstruct the development of human world.
  3、 现代社会许多人的确不重视认知能力
  The unprecedented improvement of modern world has indeed made some individuals lost the enthusiastic to improve the reasoning and other cognitive skills. This circumstance is apparent in the process of education. Modern education system used the examination in which the memorization, instead of rather than the cognitive skills, takes a much larger part as one of the main approaches to encourage the students to improve their learning skill. In addition, the market economy makes common people have the chance to earning a large amount of money at a cost of little investment. So, the emphasis of the intellect in the modern society can help people to learning the skills.
  4、 人类社会的发展需要强调两者的平衡
  The evolution of human society needs emphasis both the intellect and the non-intellectual skill. On one hand, the reasoning and other cognitive skills contributes the progress of the entire society and will continue to propel human world into another phase of human evolution. On the other hand, many non-intellectual skill conditions should make human beings possible to keep their efforts in the probing the unknown realm and collecting the new knowledge and discovery.
  [END:] In sum, in order to maintain the evolution of human world, the emphasizing of the intellect and non-intellectual skill call for a balance and should be both regarded as the importance factors in the society.
  
  48. "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten." [25]
  [BEGIN:] There are two sides to every icon. Experts in history regard those famous figures as the significant clue in the study of history, while some other persons argue that the historians should place much more attention on the groups of people because the human history has been formed by the mass of all the concrete behaviors of all the individuals. It is hard to conclude which statement above is better than the other; however, constructing a balance on the research subjects of the history study is not only important but also necessary.
  
  1、 普通人重要
  No one can deny the crucial roles of public in the evolution of human civilization. It is the efforts of a large number of the common people that make it possible for those elite few to achieve the significant change in the progress of human society. For example, most of revolutionary which aimed at overthrow the old governments or obsolescent institutions, though modern people always only remember the few leaders of it, are made by a large amount of common people who may have no definite inclination on crude behaviors. Therefore, the people attending make the leaders to fulfill the final goal.
  2、 名人重要
  Though the few elites only take a small numbers in the historical events, they are the only people who have further understanding of the contemporary social condition and possess the capability to lead the large scale action. Some of them received the good education and have a clear recognition of the entire situation, and most important, can use the newspaper and numerous ways of media to propagandize their views and awaken common people's resent about the current dominators or present living conditions. For most of the historians, only through the orientations and articles which is made by the famous figures can they find the complete cause and effect about one event. In addition, the elites also shares some features with the common people and also can be regarded as the presenters of the majority of contemporary people. For one thing, the leaders are after all human beings, people like the others, and only difference between these famous figures and common people is that the former have more conscience and courage than the latter. So, research the few elites can quickly catch the real essence of the events.
  3、 过分强调少数名人的作用不好：
  The overemphasizing of the few elites also may have adverse effect on the study of the history. First of all, it is impossible for the famous figures that can presents the situation of contemporary community or group of people to shows every aspects of the society. Most of the accidents or events are caused by few problems which may intensively hampered the interest of the common people or some group of persons. For this reason, the study of the celebrities can only provide the researchers with the general view about one issue in the first stage of the study. By contrast, the research work base on the common people, though sometimes seem to very trivial, can indicate the detail information of some particular group in the society.
  [END:] In sum, both the common people and famous figures are very important in the study of history and only through the research work base on these two groups can historians to get the complete information of the history.
  
  **49. "Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance." [26]
  **49. 有想象力的作品，比如小说、戏剧、电影、神话和传说，比平实的叙事作品更能精确而有意义的展现人类的经历。因为创造性作品的作者刻画和关注事实而不是对事实做文字上的报告，所以他们的创作有更深远的意义。
  
  1、 基于历史事实的想象作品能够提供人们更多启示，引起更深刻的思考。比如小说
  2、 想象的作品能够给人留下更深刻的印象。电影 Bruce Almighty
  3、 许多想象的作品成为文化的基础，并一直流传至今，对人类文明有着深远的影响：神化和传说
  4、 尽管如上所述，想象作品有诸多的优点，但是不能说它比现实的纪录更有深远的意义，更不能说它比历史事实更能精确的展现人类世界
  
  50. "In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." [27]
  50. 为了提高大学的教学质量，（学校）应该要求所有的教员花一定时间到（学校）这个学术世界之外，在与他们教授的课程相关的职位工作。
  
  Though I fundamentally agree that most of the faculty in the universities should have the experience to participate the employment or real works outside the academic world, it is unwarranted to expend this broad assertion to embrace the all faculty in the college. Therefore, my contention toward this opinion is that it is necessary to inspire the researchers concerning the practical discipline to spend time outside the academic world, while, for those who work in the pure theoretical field, it is meaningless to compel them to gain the experience in the practical work.
  1、 让应用学科的人参与实际工作好：首先，能够激发研究人员的兴趣，并扩宽他们的视野，了解到最前沿的发展趋势。其次，可以帮助学生更了解书本知识实际的应用，让学生对书本知识产生兴趣，并为一部分学生未来参加到实际工作中做准备；
  2、 最后让教授和其他研究人员的理论成果更快和更好的转化成实际的产品，并促进各个学术和应用领域的公司还有学校的合作，不光有利于学生了解最前沿的科技，还可以为学校带来足够的资金
  3、 另一方面，对于纯学术领域的工作人员没有必要强迫他们到应用领域工作。首先，没有实际的位置适合他们；其次，这些学科需要的是学术成果，而不是实际成果，因此应当让这些人专注学术
  
  
  
  92. "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information." [28]
  92. 在任何学术或者职业领域中，认识到我们认知的局限和获取新的知识和信息是同等重要的。
  
  对不起，这一题是我考的题目，故略去了相关内容。
  
  ------------------------------
  93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making." [29]
  93. “个人职责”的概念是必要的编造。尽管社会必须要求个人对他们自身的行为负责任，
  但人们的行为很大程度上是受外力而非自己左右的。
  
  [BEGIN:] The speaker asserts that the individual responsibility in the modern world is just a necessarily fictional concept because it is the outside factors not human beings determined their own behaviors. I agree that ensuring all the individuals to account for their own actions is very important, while it is unwarranted and ridiculous to regard the concept of 'individual responsibility' as a fictional word. Besides, unduly emphasizing the role of environments in the performing of human actions may eventually threaten the stability and interest of the society.
  个人的责任是源自于自身的行为
  1、 个人责任源自于人类文明的发展和理性选择
  First of all, individual responsibility is an item that essentially stems from a rational choice through people's intellectual selection and deliberate consideration in the evolution of human civilization. Some of the detractors may argue that before the technology have become advanced enough to defend other savage beasts, it is the environment not our ancestors’ efforts to determine the human behaviors. I concede that in the early stage of human evolution, struggling against other animals served as the primary actions in the people's daily lives. However, even under this circumstance, human beings, unlike the other beasts, have progressively introduced a set of values and principles into the human community for the sake of maintaining and developing the early form of society and also restricting some kinds of human behavior. Therefore, people's behaviors, even in the ancient time, are formed by their own experience and reflection rather than the forces from outside. With the evolution of human world, much more progress has been achieved and many of the wildernesses have been rendered with the human colors and edifice. The concept of 'individual responsibility' appeared much more manifest in the human world.
  2、 个人责任作为一个实实在在的概念，是人类社会维系其根本价值观念和持续发展的根本原因之一
  In the modern world, the individual responsibility is serving as a substantial and necessary concept that used to constrain the human behaviors and assure the interest of others. For one thing, modern people began to realize that only making all the individuals naturally thinks they must accountable for their own actions can their have private interest preserved and the whole society takes its steps towards the thriving future. That is why people today seems more willing to collecting and investigating all sorts of information before they take any actions, and the outside force also become much less of a crucial element in making any decisions. Conversely, the practical experiences also make many people realize that the neglecting of the individual responsibility may ultimately plunge the human world into a state of chaos. Some detractors might states that people nowadays have to obey the law and in many cases, the force of legislation in some sense conduct the human behavior and human beings can not determine their own actions. In this circumstance, ostensibly, common people have no rights to determine their actions or other behaviors. While, underneath the surface, human beings also are the dominators of their own actions. On the one hand, most of the ethical and moral values are formed by our ancestors' experience and rational reflection as the results of accumulation, so, it also rooted in the spheres of the human decision. On the other hand, the laws are after all limited a relatively narrow range of human behaviors, and outside these forbidden regions, the elements of human race also serve as the dominant role.
  3、 个人责任的范畴是随着时代发展的，而不是一成不变的
  As discussed above, the individual responsibility is established in the evolution of human world, and in some sense is a continuing process. In other words, the concept of the individual responsibility is not a constant item but to be verified and advanced in the development of human society. For example, in the ancient age, the dominators have nothing worry about to responsible for most of their illegal behaviors, such as killing the civilians. While this is not the case in the modern world, every one knows that such kind of behavior may throw them into the prisons. This trend will continue in the future development of human society.
  [END:] In sum, from the long time evolution of human civilization, the concept of individual responsibility has been formed and served as the important foundation for the entire society on which it is rest. Therefore, the basic regulation that all the individuals must accountable for their own actions is not a fictional action but a fundamental principle of human world.
  
  
  94. "Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated." [30]
  94. 大学应该要求每一个学生选修自己专业外的大量课程，因为获得各类学科的知识是获得真正教育的最好途径。
  In so far as the take the courses outside the student’s fields of study may expand him a wide spectrum of vision, I fundamentally agree with the speaker that the real “truly educated” should be based on the learning a wide scope of knowledge. However, close scrutiny reveals that overstate either the importance of the professional knowledge or the information outside will lead into jeopardize situation.
  在全球化进程的今天，只学习某个专业内的知识已经不能满足需要了In today’s technologically advanced society it is impossible for those who focus their attention on the concerning fields to satisfy the needs for the future society. 首先，广泛的学习各种知识能够拓宽视野。(broaden our vision | cultivate full-blown market of ideas | a broad spectrum of opinions | get closer to the truth | come to the best judgment.)其次，可以让学生发现她真正感兴趣的研究方向。
  由于各个学科之间相互交织，因此学习其他学科对于正确的理解本学科的知识也有帮助
  尽管鼓励学生学习学科之外的知识有诸多好处，但是过分强调学习其他学科的重要性可能会导致学生忽视主要知识的学习
  unduly emphasize the importance of studying the course outsider may lead the students enthusiastic about dabbling in a hodgepodge of academic offering, while neglecting the knowledge of certain fields of study, and thereby have no capability to engage any realm of employment or research work. On the other hand, compel student to place most of the attentions on the professional fields also may falls into another extreme and eventually make the students impossible to catch up with the development of the science and technology.
  
  95. "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does." [34]
  95. 与独自一人工作相比，人们在团队中工作要更有效率。团队里需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加地激励人们。
  
  [BEGIN:] In this trend of globalizations, the cooperation has taken a much larger part in the society than it used to do and eventually leads the controversy raised over the issue of which one is much more important in modern world, the team work or individual completion. While our everyday experience might lend credence to the assertions that cooperation are bound to provide more efficiency and effectivity than individual does, further reflection reveals that the individual as the basic elements of the entire society also takes its part. Nevertheless, a careful and thoughtful balance towards the importance of the competition as one individual and the cooperation in one team can serve to reconcile the two.
  
  1、 合作好：
  First of all, no one can deny the great improvement that has been brought by the cooperation in today's technological advanced society. People nowadays always regard the cooperation as the convergence of different person each of whom excels several aspects in the solution of problems. Under this circumstance, such kind of synergic make it possible for one team to produce much more effects and fruitions that outweigh the total sum made by the people's respective effects. In addition, one team is always consists of various people who have different backgrounds and perspectives and also can provide more than one avenues towards one problem in a relatively short period. Therefore, the effective communication and discussion also contribute to the solution of one problem.
  2、 合作未必什么时候都好：The above statement shows that the cooperation always bring much larger contribution upon the solving of the problem under the premise of the communication has been effective and friendly. However, not all the association between various persons can gain such a good results. Any resentment rose from the dissatisfaction of the different opinions upon one issue tends to make people have lost the inclination to discuses any other issues, and in an extreme case, cause the conflicts between members and eventually rendered the whole team disunited.
  3、 竞争好：
  Compared with the cooperation, the competition among individuals also has much to be said in its favor. As a fundamental rule of the nature, competition which is based on the conception of the survival of the fittest can compel people to try their biggest efforts in solving the issue no matter how hard it is. Such kind of contest in most of the cases can not only inspire people's potential capability in the process of competing but also greatly promotes the efficiency in working. One example that aptly illustrates this point is the market economy. Before the concept of competition had been introduce in the economic realm, most of the merchandize, as well as the demands and supply, had planned by the government. Such regulation not only diminished people activity to invent more innovated produces and facilities into people life but also limited the numbers of products in the market place. With the advent of market economy, most of the factory began to strive for better profits rather than complements the regulations of the government, and all the people's performance have directly connected with the wages that he can receive. In this circumstance, the workers' positivity in the employments has been enhanced greatly and enabled the mass production in industry. The immediate results of the market economy have involved that most goods have been invented with less cost, and more and more people can use the increasing payment to enjoying much abundant commodities.
  4、 竞争也不是什么时候都好：
  While, as is so often pointed out, the competition is a two-edged sword which can lead equally to good or evil results. On the first hand, undue competition may eventually breed jealousy which might hamper the progress of the solution of the problems under some circumstance. It is hard to imagine that people who resent to one anther can demonstrated their fresh perspective and new improvement and share their conclusion or discovery with others. In other words, jealousy will make it impossible for people excel in different fields to effectively communicate with each other and eventually will decrease the efficiency and productivity of the society.
  As discussed above, a balance should be strike between cooperation and competition in order to [END:] achieve the ultimate efficiency in the progress of the whole society. On the first hand, introducing the competitive spirit in the team work which as a whole served as the results of cooperation can enhance the efficiency and productivity of it. On the other hand, the competing group or adversary should also exchange idea with one another in order to finding the most appropriate solutions.
  
  In conclusion, the competition can bring a great beneficial to the modern society through intense the potential capacity of each person. While, the cooperation would make it possible for people who possess different ideas and perspectives to communicate with each other and collaborate to achieve a better solution. Therefore, exploiting each of them properly could receive the best rewards in the progress of the entire world.
  
  98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past." [35]
  98. 学院和大学应该开设更多流行音乐、电影、广告和电视方面的课程，因为当代文化要比过去的艺术和文学与学生有远为密切的联系
  
  流行文化对于学生的教学来说是很重要的：首先，流行艺术能够反映当代的脉动和价值取向；比如电视；其次，流行文化帮助人们找到共同点，而且随着全球化趋势的发展现代流行文化要不过去的传统文化更注重不同文化之间的交流，因此有利于不同文化之间的交流。
  表面上看现代流行文化似乎主导着现代人类的生活，但是其实传统文化同样在人类社会中发挥的重要的作用
  首先，传统文化是现在文化的源泉，为现代文化提供基础。
  其次，传统文化包含价值观念更纯朴，而现代文化商业气氛过于浓。
  应当在学习传统文化的基础上学习现代流行文化
  
  99. "In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." [33]
  99. 在生活的各个领域-无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治-成功的唯一途径就是采取实际而并非理想化的观点。注重实效的行为确保生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的选择取代。
  
  [BEGINE:] In this era of high efficiency leading to the promotion of people’s attention on the practical efforts, I fundamentally agree with the proposition that the pragmatic behavior serves as one of the most important avenues for human beings to achieve success. A contrary position would make it impossible to solve any practical problems. Nevertheless, I would caution that extending the contention too board might risk undermining those objectives.
  
  1、 人们比过去更现实：
  First of all, no one can deny the fact that people have much more inclination to learning about the practical aspects toward one issue today than they used to do. In business realm, with the introduction of market economy, more and more manufactures realize that pursuing the maximum production at lowest lost should serve as the primary goal. In order to fulfill the engagement, a large amount of efforts has been introduced, such as promoting the productivity of the factory, decreasing the wage of the workers, expanding the working hour; even some times betray their credits to obtain more interest. The progressively emphasizing on the practical rewards, though posing certain amount of detrimental effects in today’s burgeoning world, bring a large contribution to the improvement of business fields and results in a plentiful supply of goods in the market.
  2、 使用的思想渗透进了人们生活的方方面面：
  The pragmatic perspective also has come to pervade every aspect of people’s lives. For one thing, the developments of modern technology make it possible for people to enjoy all sorts of convenience in their dwelling. This trend not only means there are much more commodities exited in the market place for human beings to select and consume but also enhancing people’s ambition. For example, it is impossible for modern people to contend with only survive in the world but to pursue the promotion in the employment and earn as much money as possible in their business. Furthermore, the concept of the everyday facility also has been expanded in people’s mind. Big apartments, cars, digital camera and so many implements that have hardly imagined by our ancestors tend to serve as the necessary products in daily life.
  3、 过分强调现实主义不好：
  Conceding that the practical aspects, as well as the idealistic collaborate with one another to benefit to the entire society, I nevertheless disagree that the former always superior to the latter for several reasons. In the first place, unduly emphasizing the pragmatic aspects of one issue would make modern people loss something of the great value. The capabilities of imagination and assuming the ideal position are serving as one of the significant discrimination between human race and beasts, because the modern human world has been build above the innovative and creative assumptions of our ancestors. For example, if Galileo have inability to design the experiment and generalizing the results of it in an ideal condition he might never discover the famous law of free fall, and it is also impossible for modern engineer to invent the plane let along the satellite and other advanced space vehicles. Furthermore, every glorious culture in the world also stem from the imaginations of its ancestors. In this respect, though, ostensibly, the practical efforts can gaining the short-term rewards, the imagination and innovation is the fundamental impetus of human evolution and also contributes to the long term thriving of the world.
  4、 理想主义可以给人们预测未来的机会，预测危险：
  In the second hand, the idealistic can provide people with the opportunity to construct a deliberate plan and use it as the institution in the future implement of the projects. In most of the cases, it is necessary to make an assessment which involves the ideal results and the potential obstacle in the process before the engagement, and only in this way, can ensure such kind of the efforts are valuable and can brings certain amount of profits and rewards in both short term and long periods. In addition, the idealistic can also eliminate the possibility of the fulfillment to fall into an endangered situation.
  [END:] As discussed above, the pragmatic elements contribute to the short-term benefit and can also reap a much rich reward as soon as possible. While the idealistic view always served as the guide and also is a necessary element in the implement of the projects. Therefore, striking a balance between the pragmatic and idealistic is the best solution and can not only help to construct a blue print and give direction upon the long term development but also ensue the short term contribution.
  
  To sum up, to strike a balance between the practical account and the idealistic perspectives can not only contributes to the present interest of the society but also will bring benefits to the long-term development of the human civilization.
  
  103. "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." [34]
  103. 只有在历史研究与我们的日常生活相关的前提下，历史研究才有价值。
  
  1、 不可否认一些历史的价值已经不能够适应现代的高科技时代了(the rapid change of technological advance have made many historical events and lessons have little values in modern society)
  2、 但是，大部分的历史事实能够帮助人们认识社会的发展历程，并总结出发展的规律，在社会发展中提供指导。
  3、 从前辈们的教训中，现代人能够吸取他们的教训，并避免发展中出现失误。比如环境问题
  4、 正确对待历史的态度应当是有选择的吸收，换句话说就是吸取其中有用的，把没用过时的去掉
  
  104. "It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears." [39]
  104. 一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想，摈弃它认为不好的思想，主要是通过正规的教育。
  
  1、对于grade school和high school来说，让学生们了解一个文化中的好思想和坏思想是主要的目的之一。灌输价值的标准确实是非常重要，因此在这个阶段让学生相信老师和学校教授的东西都是绝对正确的非常重要。
  2、但是对于高等级的教育来说，教育的目的远远不是灌输号和坏的标准。高级教育的重点在教会学生分析问题和思考问题上，因此学生们会根据自己的分析来考虑文化中所认为的好东西和坏东西。
  3、此外，一个国家的法律和媒体同样也会对一个文化价值观的传播产生重要影响。Furthermore, the influence of the media and the laws also serve as the determinant condition in the formulation of the value system and standard in one culture.
  
  108. "In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings—trials, debates, meetings, etc—that are televised, the more society will benefit." [36]
  108. 在很多国家，人们现在可以打开电视，便可以看到政府人员办公的场景。观看这些过程有助于人们理解那些影响他们生活的问题。电视转播政府办公－审判、辩论、会议等的种类越多，对社会越有益。
  
  1、 首先，使用电视这种相当普及的媒体让公众了解和参与到政治中来是有好处的。一方面，能够增加政府的透明度，让人们更了解政策的制定并自动遵守这些规定
  There are certain amount of merits can lend credible support to publish most of the proceedings of the governments and its officials. For one thing, make the common people possible to watch the procedurals may contribute to the communication between public and the government, thereby make common persons more willing to accept the measures and other regulations which brought by the governments.
  2、 政府也能够从群众那里得到最直接的反馈，从而帮助他们制定政策
  3、 但是，有的信息涉及到国家安全，如果公开会造成灾难性的后果
  4、 正确的对待信息公开的态度应当是，尽可能的将涉及到人们生活的信息和政策公开，而牵扯到国家机密等重要的信息则需要保密
  
  
  109. "The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."
  109. 许多广告的目的在于，让消费者希望像广告中的人物，从而有想购买产品的冲动。这一做法甚为有效，因为它不仅售出了产品，而且也帮助人们有更好的自我感觉。
  
  1、 首先，广告作为厂商宣传的重要手段，最主要的目的是树立产品的良好形象并最终促使人们愿意购买到产品。就厂商来说，让用户对他们产品的特点和指标印象深刻，尤其是他们产品所具备，而其他厂商没有的特点，是广告最重要的目的。
  2、 此外，近年来，随着竞争越来越激烈，许多厂商开始使用广告诱惑消费者进行不必要的消费。其中重要的手段就是聘请名人来进行宣传。这样，一方面能够吸引到拥护名人的广大fans，同时还可以让人们产生他们和名人一样的错觉
  3、 尽管，使用名人来帮助宣传有利于产品初期的市场宣传，但是，真正决定产品市场的是产品质量，而不是在广告中使用什么样完美的名人。对于质量不过关的产品，用户使用了以后如果收效不大，甚至有反效果，他们不光会对厂商和产品表示不满，还会对广告中的名人的生意造成伤害
  4、 总之，厂商应当投入更多的精力在产品本身上，名人只是帮助人们认识品牌，此外，过度虚假和夸张的广告不光不会受到好的效果，还可能适得其反。消费者也应当正确看待广告中的名人，而把更多的注意力放在产品的质量和参数上，政府也应当正确的引导厂商进行产品的宣传，而避免欺骗消费者的行为出现。
  
  
  110. "When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers."
  110. 当我们研究历史时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们永远不可能直接地了解过去，而必须通过解释史料来勾画出过去，所以探究历史更多地是一项创造性的事业，而并非一个客观的追寻。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人。
  
  
  1、 不可否认，由于许多外在的原因，比如动乱、自然灾害等，使得现在的历史学家难以得到关于过去事件的完整资料，并最终精确和完整的再现出过去的事件。现代的历史学家只能根据残留的历史碎片进行推断，并提出各种各样的假设。
  2、 历史纪录的不完整并不意味着现代历史学家所假设出来的史实都是虚假的故事。一方面，仍然有相当多的历史资料得以保存，尤其是在早期就拥有文字的国家，比如中国和印度。此外，一些历史资料的部分缺失能够从其他地资料或是证据中推断出来，因此历史学家的工作虽然是创造性的，但是必须要以历史事实和档案最为基础
  3、 对于许多只具备极少资料和信息的历史事实，历史学家们则会利用其他专业的知识，从多个角度进行合理的推断。比如，在古代诗人荷马的《》中记载的亚特兰蒂斯国，据说是沉入海底而没有留下任何纪录，但是历史学家们仍然针对不同的证据提出了推断，更有一些历史学家根据资料推断出大致的沉没位置并使用高科技的探索设备到海底搜查。也就是说，历史学更多的是基于事实。
  4、 尽管历史研究中有大量的假设，但是大部分都是基于事实以及逻辑推理得出的。对于研究历史的人来说，了解其他历史学家找到的证据和他们根据这些证据提出的假设能够或多或少的了解历史的真实情况。作为一项复杂的学科，尽管历史应当为现代人揭示完整和准确的历史事实，但是人们应当正确的看待历史学家的工作，有选择的吸收和接受这些事实，一方面，如果把这些假设看作是纯粹的故事而不予以理会将会让人类过去的文明最终被遗忘，人们也不可能根据历史找出社会发展的规律并未现代的社会发展服务；另一方面，过度依赖历史学家们的假设也将会让人们被诸多的假设困扰。
  
  
  112. "Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
  112. 有些教育体系强调学生推理和逻辑思维能力的培养，但除此之外，也教学生探索其自我情感的教育，可使学生获益更多。
  同47
  [BEGIN:] In today’s technological advanced world, the ability of reasoning and logical thinking has been regarded as one of the fundamental ability for most people to survive and compete in the society. That is why many people think it is necessary to enhance the emphasizing of the importance of the reasoning skills in some educational system. However, in order for the constant evolutions of the entire human civilization, to place balanced emphasis on both logical thinking and the exploring of their own emotion is the best contributes to the growth of the students.
  1. 强调推理和逻辑思维能力重要：
  To emphasis the reasoning and other logical skills in the modern society can benefit to both the common people and the entire world. First of all, the cognition has played a crucial role in the growth of one person. From the moment of the birth, one began its trail of the cognition. In the early stage, people can only duplicate the behavior of their parents, while with the growing process continues, the learning skills has been introduced in order to help one to comprehend the principles behind the phenomenon. Gradually, the establishment of the intellect finally makes it possible for all the individuals to gaining the basic skills to survive in the modern technological world. Second, the reasoning and cognitive skills also served as the impetus of the progress of the entire society. With the development of intellect, human race can not only obtain more knowledge and discovery but also have the opportunity to achieve a greater improvement in the technological field and eventually promote the living condition of all the people.
  2. 过分强调推理和认知能力不好：
  Though the reasoning and other cognitive skills have great significant in the evolution of human civilization, overemphasis the intellect and neglect the other non-intellectual skill also will hamper the human society. For example, people today are facing much more pressure than they used to do. The entire working hour has been decreased, however, the increasing efficiency make people have to produce more goods in a relatively short time. This situation results in the promotion of the depression and many physiological illness in common people and eventually obstruct the development of human world.
  3. 现代社会许多人的确不重视认知能力
  The unprecedented improvement of modern world has indeed made some individuals lost the enthusiastic to improve the reasoning and other cognitive skills. This circumstance is apparent in the process of education. Modern education system used the examination in which the memorization, instead of rather than the cognitive skills, takes a much larger part as one of the main approaches to encourage the students to improve their learning skill. In addition, the market economy makes common people have the chance to earning a large amount of money at a cost of little investment. So, the emphasis of the intellect in the modern society can help people to learning the skills.
  4. 人类社会的发展需要强调两者的平衡
  The evolution of human society needs emphasis both the intellect and the non-intellectual skill. On one hand, the reasoning and other cognitive skills contributes the progress of the entire society and will continue to propel human world into another phase of human evolution. On the other hand, many non-intellectual skill conditions should make human beings possible to keep their efforts in the probing the unknown realm and collecting the new knowledge and discovery.
  [END:] In sum, in order to maintain the evolution of human world, the emphasizing of the intellect and non-intellectual skill call for a balance and should be both regarded as the importance factors in the society.

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2007-01-03 23:21:55 Credo| is back

  113. "It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
  113. 我们定义自己，最主要的通过定位我们所处的社会团体。
  同60
  
  
  As is so often pointed out, human society is a mass of concrete individuals who shares some characteristics with the others and also possess its unique features as well. For one single person, the groups that he attend can only represent several aspects of the overall characteristics, however, it is unwarranted and ridiculous to expand this broad assertion to embrace all the characteristics and to be used to define a person, while neglecting some of the unique personality.
  1、凭借群体很难定义一个参与各种各样的群个体的个人
  First of all, it is impossible for a single person who acts in different role in today's intricate society to represents all features and mutual views of certain group, no matter what the status he has. One factor that obstructs the media to gaining the representational information about one group from one individual is that people today should performed different roles in different community, for this reason, relatively little hours are spend in each of these groups. For example, for a married woman in employment, she first is the mother in a family who has the responsibility to foster the children; while in the working hours she should perform the duty of an employee and try her efforts to contribute to the development of the company. With the advent of mechanization that eventually liberated human beings from home, this circumstance has become more and more manifest. When these different parts interwoven together in an inseparable bundle, the society and the media becoming confusing about the information provided by one person. Another factor to prevent media from capturing the useful representative information from one people is that the increasing diversity shows in modern human beings which may be caused, in some sense, by today's process of globalization. The coming of various new technology and facility promotes the communication between the people who have different backgrounds and experiences and also increase the fusion of various culture. Under this trends, the influence exerted by certain group upon its members is only takes a small part in one's personality.
  2、忽视群体对于个人的作用同样会带来灾难。
  Neglecting the voice of the majority will not only ruin the person's interest but also lead the society into a chaos abysmal. In the Victorian, both society and the media focus its attention on the few people, who are of the paramount important in the entire nation, instead of reflect the real living condition of the public. Several serious dissatisfaction and resent which is demonstrated as the common grounds in many people's lives in the society has been manifested and accumulated until the rebellion has broken and leads the society falls into a precarious state. Therefore, almost all the people has the more or less have the qualification to delegating certain group, but, in order to make these common ground become more clear and manifest, the investigation in the large amount of people is necessary.
  3、一个人的个性同样对于定义一个人来说至关重要。如果一个人只能够通过群体来定义等于忽视了个人的存在，同时也掩饰了一个群体内的人都不同这一事实
  While, the unique personality also influence a lot upon the definition of one single person, for one thing, if the features of one group is the only way to recognize the individuals and also define him, the existence of one person may become meaningless and also impossible for people to discriminate one another in one groups.
  
  From what has been discussed above, striking a balanced stress on the diversity of one individual and community should be the rational solution in the evolution of human civilization, and is the only way to maintain the initiative of the human world.
  
  
  114. "Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity."
  114. 在过去的约一个世纪的时间中，人性几乎没有取得什么真正的进步。技术在不断进步，但人性的总体状况毫无改观。战争、暴力，以及贫穷仍然困扰着我们。技术无法改变人性的状况。
  
  [BEGIN:] The speaker asserts that human beings have made little contributions on the development of humanity and the technologies also do nothing to the condition of it. I fundamentally disagree with the contention. Besides, the developments of modern technology have already achieved a certain degree of positive development in the humanity. Furthermore, it is also unwarranted and gratuitous to neglect the improvement in the humanity that happened in recent centuries.
  
  难点题
  1、 技术渗透人们生活的方方面面，人们能够享受技术来来的河中便利和享受。汽车……飞机……（使用经典排比）
  With the technology coming to pervade every aspect of people's lives, a great change has been achieved in the human world. It is now very common for one individual to make an instantaneous communication with some others who sit on the other side of the earth by using the new generations of communication technology, the coming of the modern advanced vehicles also enable human beings to travel around the world in a relatively short period, the boom of the computerization make it possible for the various machines to take the unutterable and heavy jobs for human workers and also help to engage some works in the dangerous condition.
  2、 科技的进步也带来人们对于人性更多的思考。首先，完整的法制和道德观念开始在全球范围内提倡，在个人方面，人们开始尊老爱幼，并了解助人为乐的重要性；All these things that can hardly be imagined by our ancestors are not only renders a large amount of convenience into people's lives but also contributes several aspects of humanities, whether at individual level, community level or societal level.
  
  Firstly, the advancement of technology brings a lot of fresh perspectives and discoveries into the individual life and also inspires common people to reflect some of the moral and ethical issues that have never been noticed before. In the ancient time, the research work of a series of nature and human essence that eventually introduce a set of values and standard into the human society. While in the modern stage of human evolutions, people nowadays become more willing to accommodate with each other. For the new technology divided every family into a relatively small part and also make one individual have to contract with much more people not only in their daily lives but also in the employment. Under this circumstance, more and more people recognize the importance of maintaining a good the relationships between others, and correspondingly leading the promotion of the level of humanity in people’s everyday lives.
  3、 在社区中，随着事情复杂性的增加，人们也更注重合作的重要意义，并能够互相提供支持；In the community level, new technology also promotes the communications and understanding among groups of people. The process of globalizations which is one of the most significant results of the modern technology have brings people who have different backgrounds and experience together and contributes the learning and comprehensions between different cultures. This new trend of collaborations of various perspectives have broaden people's spectrums and visions and hence make common people to be more willing to accepts different cultures and contradicting views.
  4、 在社会水平上，一套完整的保障（税收）体系被建立起来，能够正常生活的人需要缴纳税，而穷人则能够得到基本的生活费用
  In the societal level, the entire society has been propelled in the augment of the humanity. In modern stages of human civilization, the developing speed of technology have in some sense superior to that of the regulations and legislations, in this respect, the humanity have come to play a much larger part than they used to do in the entire society. That is why the government try every effort to place much more emphasizes on the educations and helps every people to obey the rules unconsciously. Certain kind of measures eventually contributes to the progress of the humanity in the modern society. Compared with a century ago, most of the modern people have been nurtured with a complete set of morel and ethical values and also become more rational when facing the problems and other accidence. The boom of the anti-nuclear action is an example, more and more people began to realize that only make efforts to exploit the positive aspects of the technology to the people’s lives can contributes the development of human civilization.
  5、 尽管如此，人类在人性上的缺陷仍然在许多地方暴露出来。战争和暴力几乎天天都在中东地区爆发，贫穷则更在夺取许多非洲人的生命。While, some of the detractors may argue that why in today’s society of a certain degree of humanity are also existed an amount of antisocial events and accidence which may hamper the development of human civilization, such as war, violence, and poverty. To answer this question we should consider some aspects of the human nature and the essence of the technology. Firstly, as is so often pointed out that the technology, as a facilities that introduced by human beings, is a double-edge sword and can be equally used in good or evil. However, how to use this kind of facilities has been judged not by the technology itself but by the human beings. In this respect, technology is not the essential impetus of humanity but can only serve as an implement to help human beings to recognize the unknown world. On the other hand, the real propeller of the humanity is the level of recognition of human beings. Therefore, certain amounts of abominable realities are not essentially caused by the technology but by human beings itself and should not mask the positive aspects in the modern world.
  6、 技术是帮助人类发展的手段，它并不能从根本上改善人性，但是却能够帮助人类
  [END:] In sum, the evolution of technology not only promotes the people’s living condition but also increasing the level of the humanity. All the realities should not prevent the advantages of the technology towards the human society.
  
  
  115. "It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated." [46]
  115. 通过逻辑思维和精确的测量手段，我们才得以意识到我们的进步。没有这些工具，我们就没有参考点来标明我们进步或退步了多少。
  难点题
  Subjective & objective:: 主观 & 客观
  1、 对于个人来说，精确的测量结果会反映出一些个人成长中的指标，但是相比之下人们更愿意根据自己的主观感觉来确定自己的进步与否。首先，在人类的思维方面，人们会根据面对复杂事情的反应以及思维方式等主观指标对自己进行判断，虽然IQ可以测量，但是许多人们却更乐意相信自己的主观感受。其外，在其他方面，许多时候精确的结果并不能代表一切，比如虽然年龄是客观的，但是许多人们却更愿意用自己是否具备足够的能力自己生存作为衡量人是否成熟的标准
  2、 在社会发展方面，精确的指标所带来的参考点能够给衡量社会进步提供大概的标准，但这个事实不能阻止人们更愿意用主观的感受衡量社会进步与否。几乎所有的人都知道现代社会要比过去发达的多，但是人们却仍旧抱怨现代社会的种种不足，其实人们更习惯于使用自己的亲身感觉来衡量社会的发展，比如法制体系是否健全，大多数居民是不是享受到了足够的权力。
  3、 尽管在相对方面，主观因素都起到了重要作用，但是在自然科学的发展方面却是个例外。在自然科学中，科学家们往往将注意力集中在量化的指标上，比如在通信领域，使用第三代移动通信技术的人有多少能够反映出技术的进步情况；在应用学科方面，有多少专利被批准， how many patents have been taken out in one year.在数学和物理学方面，有多少定理被证明和提出。How many theorems have been proved or delivered in a period of time.
  
  116. "With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences." [47]
  116. 随着经济和通讯等领域的全球化发展，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、 艺术和科学，都将从国际化影响中获益非浅。
  
  1、 毫无疑问，许多方面会受益。教育方面…… Internet | World Wide Web
  2、 政治方面…… 各国关系更紧密，人们不再敌视对方，而是积极对话并交换意见regard the other nations as the enemy but the cooperators who can help each other and share some interest.
  3、 艺术和科学方面communication between one another and promote the understanding of the other cultures.
  4、 尽管如此，全球化也有缺点：工厂开始向廉价劳动力国家转移，中国、印度尼西亚。是发达国家失业问题严重。unemployment 一个国家发生经济危机economic crisis会影响到许多其他的国家，甚至全球的经济发展。The big company began to transfer their factory to the developing country, such as the China, Indonesia, while, increasing the unemployment of the United State and many other developed nations.
  
  
  119. "When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?" [48]
  119. 当我们为科学、教育或任何其他领域确定研究优先权时，要考虑的一个最重要的问题就是：如果研究获得成功, 多少人的生活会因此而得到改善。
  同86
  1、首先，为了解决现在日益突出的社会问题，给与一些学科优先权是有必要的。生物学biotechnology；通信科学；地质学geology help to probe the petroleum and other natural resources等
  2、表面上看，人们应当经主要注意力放在能够直接改善人们生活的应用学科之上，但是忽略其他学科尤其是理论学科会造成灾难性的后果。
  3、首先，各个学科是相互联系的，正是由于许多传统学科的发展和成就使得现代的许多应用学科能够存在同时发挥作用
  4、其次，人类的长远发展需要所有的学科平衡发展Only through placing equal priority to all the disciplines and fields of study can our human beings maintain a relatively constant and positive evolution. 艺术学科，provide people with the illuminations and inspire them to pursue a thriving future.如果没有，人们就难以舒缓工作压力和得到更多的启示，alleviate the pressure of the employment and also impossible to gain some edification and insights that can help people hold enough sprits for the thriving future.
  
  120. "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
  120. 现在有太多新的、复杂的事物，因此回首了解过去对于现在的生活没有什么指导意义。
  
  同54，103，98
  1、 在现代社会，科技的进步导致传统观念和过去人类积累的经验都面临挑战。
  2、 尽管如此，历史的重要指导作用仍然不能忽视，一方面，历史帮助人类了解社会发展的规律
  3、 另一方面，历史中的大量教训提醒人们不要重蹈覆辙
  4、 现代人们应当正确看待历史，尽管表面上看来，现代社会的新型和复杂性是古代社会不具备的，但是本质上，都是人类社会发展中的各个台阶，应当符合历史发展的客观规律。
  
  In today's technological advanced society, many people argue that looking back for understanding of the past serves no useful purpose for the present world. I agree with this assertion, in so far as that many facilities and perspectives brought by new technology have made many traditional views and opinions do not have the value that it does in the past. In most respects, however, the history today also served as the guidance for the human evolution.
  
  First of all, with the technology coming to pervade almost every aspects of human life, modern persons lay less stress on the historical view than they used to do and many traditional views are facing challenge in the today's new and complex society. Ancient people have seldom have the opportunity to discuses many problems like whether or not the Clone technology can be used for the human body, or how should our human beings cope with the increasing computer crime. In addition, fast pace of living also make many people take it for granted that the history have little bearing with the modern world.
  
  Conceding that some of the historical views might obsolete in the today's complex and rapid changing world does not mean looking back for an understanding of the past have little meaning for present world. At the social level, the great change achieved by the improvement of modern science and technology does not prevent us from cast about the basic principles of the evolution of human society. For one thing, either modern society or the ancient one is just one phrase on the human history; it is entirely possible that some of the modern value have served no useful purposes in the future society. Therefore, the researching on the complete history of human civilization has much more important than just considering one period of it. In addition, the experiences of our forefathers' also serve as the mirror in the engagement of human race and can teach us how to avoid repeating the mistakes that happened in the past and help us finding the best solution towards certain problems.
  
  At the personal level, the historical perspectives upon some issues can help modern people gaining a further understanding of the current customs and values and eventually obey these rules in their every day lives. Most of the basic values are stem from the practical experience and efforts of our ancestors and imparting these facts and information with present people is one of the best avenues to maintain the stability of modern society and also contributes to the progress of human civilization.
  
  The understanding of the past has provided modern people with a generalized direction of the whole trends of human evolution, while the other details have been filled by the burgeoning science and technology. Therefore, modern people should place a proper attitude towards the historical perspective. On the one hand, neglecting the facts of the past tends to make people have loss their long term visions and contributes nothing to the progress of the entire human civilization. On the other hand, unduly emphasize of the historical ideas should also make modern people loss the innovative spirits and may obstruct the improvement of present society.
  
  In the final analysis, though some of the historical perspectives have loss its traditional values of the past, looking back for an understanding of the past can also provide modern people with an important guidance for living in the present world.
  
  
  121. "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
  121. 在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会没有理由为挽救濒危物种而付出巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价。
  
  1、 从自然演化的角度来看，每一年都会有相当数量的物种因为无法适应环境以及其他自然原因导致灭绝，无论人类是否对其进行了影响。如果人类花费大量的金钱和努力来试图阻止自然演变的过程，不光不会有很大的收效同时成为人类沉重的包袱，同时也对整个自然界没有好处
  2、 没有人能够否认人类对于自然的污染导致了大量的无辜生物灭绝。随着人类工业的发展……
  3、 投入金钱和努力将人类对于自然的影响减少到最小是有必要的。一方面，自然界的生物之间有食物链，破坏了就完蛋
  4、 保持地球上物种的多样性同样有利于人类认识自然并促进科技的进步。比如鸟帮助人类发明飞机
  
  127. "Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."
  127. 事实是是固执的（不容改变的）。它不会因为我们的愿望、倾向或激情而改变。
  
  People instinctively take it for granted that our modern civilization is a mass of innumerous fractions of facts, while at the same neglecting the influence of some aspects of human beings, such as people's wishes, inclinations or the dictates of the passions, towards certain kind of facts. As a professor of philosophy at my university once said (and I paraphrased): “all the things in the human world have been rendered as the human color and formulated as human style". My point of contention towards this issue is based on the case-to-case analysis.
  
  Most of us place a certain amount of reliance on the facts which are in most of the cases not be practically experienced by ourselves. While a dilemma appears that even though the governments and publishes are try their efforts to convince most of the people certain version of the descriptions are the best reconstruction of the events and facts, there are also have many different assumptions and versions which also can demonstrates many evidence and clues to prove their distinctive opinions emerged into the world. So, it is impossible for most of the common people to judge the real one from all these similar facts and evidences with their own conscience or instinct. In addition, even some persons have the opportunity to witness the real scenes of the facts, it is also impossible for them to gain a full spectrum on these events.
  
  On the other hand, Many of these facts in some scene are be edited by the human beings through their own wishes, inclinations, or the dictates of the passions. For one thing, the original views and opinions always decided in the recording of the final version of the facts. For example, an intensive controversy is raised from the problem about who should be responsible for causing of the tragedy of September 11, 2001. Some people argue that it is the neglecting of the governments on the security of the air station that eventually leading to this catastrophe. While, the government asserts that they have no flaws on the solving of this accidents and people should focus their attentions on how to cope with the international terrorism rather than to complain about the governors. Such kinds of controversy also may existed for a long time, and maybe our next generations will holds a totally different version of recognitions upon this events.
  
  While, in some of the realms which have little relationships with human emotions, human wishes and inclinations serve no useful purposes to the forming of the facts. Some detractors may cited the examples of the Galileo overthrow the theory which is invented by Aristotle and held by contemporary people for long time and concludes that the facts of sciences are also altered by the human efforts. However, the truth facts behind the human influence in the scientific fields are objective and have already formed before the origination of human race. Therefore, it may be discovered sooner or later with the improvement of human technology and precognitive level.
  
  In the final analysis, it is oversimplify with the assertion that all the facts cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions. Nevertheless, the real judgments of the facts should be made on the case-by-case analysis.
  
  
  130. "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
  130. 今天的孩子社会化的方式决定了社会的明天。遗憾的是，我们还不知道如何去培养这些能有助于带来一个更好社会的孩子们。
  
  
  1、 教育的重要目的之一就是让学生在进入社会之前做好充分的准备，因为孩子们如何社会化决定了社会的未来：在道德观点上……；在知识和技能上……。
  2、 教育在近些年来在社会发展和进步中发挥了重要作用
  3、 承认教育的根本目的并不意味着这些良好的观念和技能被孩子们完整而且出色的接受了。目前的教育还有许多漏洞，死记硬背、过分竞争、校园暴力……
  4、 现代教育应当充分考虑如何让孩子们能够尽可能的在进入社会之前具备足够的能力，这不光有利于孩子的成长，同时多保持社会稳定也有利
  
  
  131. "The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society."
  131. 艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）揭示了某些社会上的思想和脉动；如果没有艺术，这些思想和脉动就会不为人们所知。
  
  这些艺术形式确实能够反映人们的思想脉动。首先，它能够直接的反应现实生活，主题音乐music, subject，街头剧street plays, theatre反映现实生活。
  有的艺术还可以在反映未来的趋势和新的有别于现实的思想脉动。
  但是，艺术并不是反映这些脉动和思想的唯一方法，比如建筑，政治
  
  
  
  136. "The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
  136. 没有选择的情形非常非常少见。
  
  1、个人意识
  2、社会环境
  3、自由选择是相对的，在很多情况下需要约束选择，法律
  4、随着科技的发展，人们将会发现更多的选择，并且也要进行更多的约束，限制选择
  原稿：
  I fundamentally agree with the assertion that the alternative choices always existed in the world and the circumstance of no choice, though some times appearing in people live, is very rare.
  
  Human beings, as the most brilliant creatures in the world, have always enjoyed their free will and use their intellect to find various alternative solutions towards almost all the problems. This circumstance is very apparent in the science and technological realm. Today's break-neck speed of technological innovations strengthen such kinds of belief and make many people are customary to accept the assumption that the absence of choice is a situation that is very rare. For example, when people find that the rapid expanding of industrial factory may eventually diminished the human environment and also threaten the existence of human race, they began to take steps to solving such kinds of menace. Then, a large amount of inventions and discoveries have been introduced for the sake of alleviating the pollutions and other detrimental effects brought by the industry. The evolution of human civilization are replete with such kinds of examples, the advent of plane make it possible for human beings to fly in the sky, the invention of satellites provide human beings with the opportunity to enter outside the earth. Therefore, even human today also facing many pressing social problems and other kinds of menace, the belief remains that human mind can bring any prediction into realities.
  
  When it comes to the politic fields, such kind of freedom is also manifest, especially in the democratic society. While some detractors may argue that they have been trapped in their jobs, living conditions, and some other limited factors in the society and have no choice to determine many of the issues in employment by themselves. I concede that such kind of constrain are objectively existed, however, in another respect, it is the people who does not willing to change their original choice, rather than to conclude there is radically no choices. For example, if one want to pursue an engagement that may pollute the air, or even conflict with the law, then, what he needs to do is not to complain there is no choice but how to take measures to prevent such pollutions in the process of fulfillment.
  
  Considering the human world have been dominated by a set of fundamental principles. Human beings are more or less having such circumstances that have no choice. For instance, all the human beings will die sooner or later, such kind of regulations are never changed. That is the reason why the philosophical school of "strict determinism" appeared in the human world and be engaged by a certain amount of people. This theory assumes that all the people's behavior and fate have already been determined before they are happened and controlled by an outside force. In other words, human beings can choose nothing in the decisions of their own behaviors and destiny. Until now the controversy between the determinism and free choices also existed and no one can provide full evident to overthrow the other. I prefer to support the latter because such kind of belief contributes to the affirmation of human efforts and also beneficial to the development of human society.
  
  From the above analysis, though human today still facing some circumstance that have no choice or can not changed by human force, I insist that most of the issues in the world can find the rational solutions and the absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.
  ***************************************************************************
  志勇表叔修改稿：
  I fundamentally agree with the assertion that alternative choices always exist in the world and the circumstance of no choice, though sometimes appearing in people's lives, is rare.
  
  Human beings, as the most brilliant creatures in the world, have always enjoyed their free will and use their wisdom to find various alternative solutions towards almost all problems. This circumstance is very apparent in the science and technological realm. For example, when people find that the rapid industrialization may eventually damage the harmonious relationship between human beings and the nature, they begin to take steps to solve the problem. A large amount of inventions and discoveries have been introduced to alleviate air pollution and other detrimental effects brought by industrialization.
  
  The evolution of human civilization is replete with such examples. The innovation of air plane makes it possible for human beings to travel faster than ever. The invention of satellites provides human beings with the opportunity to visit outside space. There is a problem, there are many solutions.
  
  When it comes to political arena, the freedom of choice is also manifest, especially in the democratic society. Some may argue that they have been trapped in unfair legal system and authoritarian states, and they have rare choice to select their jobs and to express themselves freely. It is a sad but true reality in some close societies. But even in the dictatorship society, the dictator can't root out its citizens' desire for freedom of choice. With the benefit of modern telecommunication technology and globalization, people living in the close society will eventually awake up and fight for greater freedom of choice.
  
  That said, sometimes people's choices are limited by a set of fundamental principles. They face more or less situations without choice. For instance, people will die sooner or later; nobody can be an exception to the natural rule. That explains why the philosophical school of "strict determinism"--the theory assumes that all people's behavior and fate are doomed and controlled by some outside forces--are accepted by a certain amount of people. In other words, human beings can choose nothing in the decisions of their own behaviors and destiny. Until now the controversy between determinism and free choices still exist and no one can provide full evidence to beat the other. I prefer to support the latter because such kind of belief contributes to the affirmation of human efforts and is also beneficial to the development of human society.
  
  In sum, though humankind today still faces some circumstances without choice, they still can find ways and means to solve most of the problems surrounding them and enjoy greater freedom of choices than ever. Thus, the absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.
  
  
  138. "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress." [55]
  138. 只有通过犯错误才会有发现和进步。
  同1
  
  个人而言：through infant to the grave. | childhood to adulthood 从错误中学会从简单的模仿到独立的分析问题。我们不光从自己的错误中吸取教训，同样别人的错误也警告我们不要重蹈覆辙
  在社会水平：早期，人类无法用自己的力量和野兽进行争斗，因此发展起了科学技术。随后，当人类具备征服自然的本领之后，后人对前人的错误进行纠正又成为科学技术进步的新动力，Galileo & Aristotle
  此外，在政治方面同样如此，纠正错误，推动民主。Through recognizing the importance of providing the public with the rights to participate the issues of the regulations and legislations that eventually brought the democracy into the human world. Through realizing the adverse effect of certain kind of behaviors that ultimately render the laws to become more and more complete in the nations.
  
  140. "What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent." [56]
  140. 被社会看作是其最伟大的社会、政治和个人成就往往招致最大的不满。
  
  1、 在政治和科技领域的重大社会成就，包括政治领域，科技领域等，往往会引发新的问题，并引发人们之间的不满和争论。克隆(clone technology) conflict with the traditional value system
  2、 在商业领域的重大个人成就往往也会引发部分人的不满，比尔盖茨Bill Gates，垄断(monopoly)
  3、 不满和批评从某种程度上说促进了这些成就发展，同时也帮助这些成就更好的在社会发展中发挥它的优点而避免它的缺点 Most of the critics contributes to the development of human civilization. 比如atom bomb | nuclear power 带来威胁bring menace into human world, while on the other hand, also make people place more attention on the concrete measures which may eventually prohibit the research work on the military goals, while inspire people to strive to developing peaceful use of certain kind of resource.
  4、 人们应当正确看待不满，一些不满来自于这些成就损坏了一部分人的利益，这时候应当尽可能的给与补偿，而另一些不满则来自于科学家们的理性思考，这时候应当为这个成就的行为做出长远考虑while, those complains which stem from the rational reflection or deliberate research should be considered by the governors in the regulations and process of regulations.
  
  
  141. "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity."
  141. 大多数人都意识到个性的益处，但实际上个人经济上的成功需要一致。
  
  在追求经济利益的过程中，个性和服从都需要 In the pursuit of the personal economic success, most persons should try every efforts to strike a balance in the individuality and the conformity.
  1、 一方面，个性很重要，没有了创新精神他就很难取得成功。比尔盖茨，操作系统
  2、 另一方面，服从也很重要，要服从社会的大趋势，尊重他人的传统习惯
  3、 在现代社会，多数人过分强调个性，而不顾他人，这是不对地
  4、 正确看待这两者的关系是，保持平衡
  
  
  142. "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority." [59]
  142. 当很多人质疑权威的时候，社会的繁荣会得以加强。
  
  同68，52
  1、 人们在了解和思考了权威的观点之后质疑权威，对社会繁荣是有帮助的the questions and comments which have been made after a careful consideration and deliberate investigation may more or less contributes the development of the society.
  2、 即便是人们在一开始不了解观点的背景和详细信息，但是通过质疑和讨论也能够提高人们的思维能力，有利于社会的繁荣Even some persons have learn nothing about the backgrounds and the detail information about the opinions before they participate the discussions, while, through lessoning the others ideas and opinions, certain kinds of question and critics may also broad people vision and also beneficial to the development of the entire society.
  3、 但是，过度的强调质疑权威可能造成不好的影响，比如政府和权威的号召以及政策不能够及时地得到执行，并可能引起社会动荡However, overemphasize the importance for common people to question the authority also pose certain problems.
  4、 正确的态度应当是理性的思考权威提出的观点，一方面，不盲信，另一方面，要学会吸收其中的精华On the one hand, place too much reliance on the authority and the celebrity’s opinions, while on the other hand, absorb the essence among…
  
  
  144. "It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." [60]
  *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
  144. 是艺术家而不是批评家，带给社会一些具有持久价值的东西。
  *评价艺术作品，如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。
  [BEGINE:] The speaker asserts that it is the arts not critics attribute the success of the long lasting arts. While, I fundamentally disagree with this assertion for it in some sense neglect the value of the critics towards the artistic works while, overstate the role of the artists in the creation of a long lasting works. Close scrutiny shows that one priceless works needs the association of the artist and critics.
  
  1. 艺术家创造代表永久价值的艺术品
  No one can deny the crucial role of the artists in the creation of the artistic works. For one thing, as it so often pointed out, most of the world famous artist works had been achieved through a long time efforts and all-consuming works of the artistic. This circumstance has especially apparent in the medieval when numerous artistic works have been engaged without any consideration of the contemporary people and seldom can bring the least wealthy to the creators. While, it is the hard efforts of the artist that eventually make the people and critics possible to appreciate and evaluate these works no matter how the contemporary person look at these works.
  2. 表面上看，艺术家似乎是唯一因素，但其实批评家也很重要：
  Ostensibly, it is the artists that ultimately created and introduced these works and also make it possible to have a “long lasting” effect in the human evolutions. While, without the pursuit of the critics these works also hardly recognized by the common persons let along to have an impressive most of the people's mind.
  3. 批评家发现这些艺术品的价值
  Firstly, the comments of the critics provide the people with the opportunity to focus the attention on the further meaning of the artistic works. For most of the earnest artists the further meaning for one artistic works is much more important the superficial appearance of it. That is why most of the famous works in the renaissance are impossible for common persons to understand without the explanations and notions of the commenter, for most the common persons place their first glance of the works on the appearance of it while, neglecting the further reflection of the background and other concerning information of these artistic works. For instance, the paint sunflower which was the one of the most famous impressionist works of the Van Gogh, has been impressive by the unique use of the color and painting style which may hardly to comprehend by one individual who have learn nothing about the concerning information about the contemporary position of the authors. Under this circumstance, the work of the critics shows its value. Through the explanations and other form of acknowledging the ideas and other knowledge pertaining to the various aspects of this work, more and more people began to realize the true meaning behind the appearance of this works.
  4. 批评家使得艺术不断进步，并促成更出色的艺术品问世
  Furthermore, the critics make by criticizes can also contributes the development of the study in the realm of arts and ultimately help the autistics to create a better works in the future achievement. Not only the common persons can learn how to appreciate the profound works of the arts but also the artists themselves also get the real reflect of their works. This is especially important for the young artists who have little accumulation on the creation of the artistic works. Most of the critics have a fully understand the evolutions and real experience on the composers and can give the earnest and useful suggestion for the primary works of these young artists. Certain comments and efforts, some times, can serve as a great imputes for these persons to strive for a better works in their future engagement and ultimately make them possible to achieve a long lasting artistic work.
  5. 要创造一件永久价值的艺术品批评家和艺术家缺一不可
  As discussed above, though the artists efforts can serve as the paramount significant in the creation of the work, it can not musk the role of the critics in the origination of the long lasting works, for the critics can not long help to the make more persons possible learning and comprehend the true meaning of the arts but also can contributes these artistes to become more skillful and confident in the pursuit of the perfect works.
  
  146. "People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it."
  146. 对某个想法或策略最执着的人往往对其最挑剔。[61]
  [BEGINE:] One of the paradoxical positions in today' society is that, like the speakers asserts, people who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it. The speaker noticed the superficial view of this phenomenon, while neglecting the other respects and the deep reasons behind it.
  
  现代社会，人们享受到了很多，但是抱怨却更多
  First of all, the above statement is overemphasizing the dissatisfaction of people who are deeply committed to the certain ideas and policies. For one thing, our empirical experience indicate that most of the people are not the intensive critics to their committed ideas but in some cases to try every effort to propagandize these policies or serve as the apologists to justify the distortions of the opponents, like those fanatic voters who advocate the policy and ideas of their favorite candidates in the election day. Conversely, people who are failed to understand the detail backgrounds and lack of fully considerations is always take a much larger part in the entire critical numbers of these ideas.
  表面上看是人类对现实的不满，其实是对未来的期望
  While, some of the detractors argue that there indeed are some persons seems like to complain about their most committed ideas and policies. However, I my point of contention, these people's critics towards the certain idea are not means that their discontent about the status quo but in some sense amount to their expectations of the better future, as discussed below.
  人们收益越多，希望得到的也越多，民主的例子
  In the first place, most of complains raised from people who are the most deeply committed to the idea is stems from the conscience of some foibles of it. In many cases, those who committed to the ideas and policies have already gained a much compete understand of them and always serves as the first persons to discovered the potential jeopardize of these ideas. For instance, Edward Teller, as the father of atom bomb, is among the persons who advocates the United States’ policy to compel the Japanese to surrender by military actions, while after the World War II, he is striving for the peaceful application of the atomic energy and has become one of the most opponents to the use of the nuclear weapons. Furthermore, most of the critics which come from advocate person are the manifestations of their concern about the certain idea and its future application, and therefore contributes to the progress of the entire society.
  世界上的事情都不完美，不可能满足所有人的欲望，人类发展史
  In the second place, certain kinds of critics in the modern age can serve as the necessary impetus of human civilizations and to some extend benefit to the society. For examples, the democratic ideas have come to pervade most aspects of people's lives and also make it possible for any individuals to advert their opinions about the politics and other issues of the nations. While, the much more freedoms that distributed to the common citizens not only inspires people enthusiastic to provide their advices and opinions about the various issues but also leading the drastic augment of the critics of the status quo. Still some people take a large scale strikes to compel the government to open more rights and freedoms to its people. Ostensibly, certain results are in some sense contrary to the original assumptions of these forerunners of the democratic views, while it is just reflects the people place much more expectations of this idea and want to expand it into a much further level, and that is the way our modern society get evolved.
  [END:] In sum, though the speaker’s contention has some flaws, it also possess some rational stuffs. In addition, most of the critics spring from those who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy does not means these persons have much more willing to live in the past but is the manifestation of the much higher expectations of the future.
  
  147. "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." [62]
  147. 传统和现代化是不相容的。人们必须在二者之间做出选择。
  参26
  同
  1、 在大多数情况下传统和现代化是相容的，并且现代化从某种意义上让更多人有机会认识到许多传统，并发扬之，这一点在文化、语言以及艺术上尤其突出。首先，文化虽然American，但是diversity also play a large part in the human world ；在语言上 English language take a dominant role, while does not leads the other language to fall into extinction.
  2、 在艺术上也是如此， Renascence | rock-and-roll
  3、 但在某些情况下也的确出现了冲突，老建筑和新建筑，现代化是人们更实用，也更少关注过于传统，因此造成一些传统习惯和风俗消失了
  
  150. "Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete."
  150. 通过电视和全球联网的电脑，人们现在得以了解很多他们从没有去过的地方。因此，旅游业会很快变得萧条。
  相反，互联网和电视会推动旅游的发展
  1、 旅游使得人们更容易了解外部的世界，并激发人们旅游的兴趣。Yellow Stone national park此外，电视和联网上的广告同样能够吸引人们参与到旅游中来，从旅游中得到前所未见的体验
  2、 互联网使得人们外出旅游更方便，能够定飞机票，能够获得更多有关旅游点的信息，最终缩短人们在旅游中寻找路途的时间，从而使人们在旅游的时候得到更舒适的体验，并让人们更愿意旅游
  3、 此外，电视和互联网使得人们会有选择的选择旅游点，因此减少了没有目的的旅游。
  
  
  
  
  

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2007-08-21 04:11:32 八厘米蔚蓝 (我不难过)

  看到眼都花了……
  谢谢LZ^

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2007-11-20 23:40:37 康宝宝

  thanks a lot

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2007-11-21 10:30:40 康宝宝

  一次肯定看不完

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2008-03-28 18:54:07 特特 (等待～)

  That's what i'm looking for! Thank you so much!

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 2008-03-28 22:46:54 [已注销]

  thx！

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2008-05-05 01:03:15 紫领 爱 (含道映物 澄怀味像)

  3Q very much

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2008-07-10 11:02:05 诺小喵 (我也想和咪咪或者狗狗生活❤)

  辛苦LZ了~谢谢

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2008-09-17 22:48:53 sweet_ring (生活就是一盒德芙巧克力)

  大家好，新手。打算明年一月考

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-04-07 13:01:33 ashleyli (青山隐隐水迢迢)

  收藏了

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-04-16 19:06:56 Lois

  真是我的救星~~谢谢了~~

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-06-07 18:48:26 大怪物 (Am I a freak?)

  谢谢啊!太有帮助了!

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-06-10 11:59:29 Iris♥

  mark

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-06-10 11:59:30 Iris♥

  mark

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-06-30 23:41:08 思丢丢 (Give me a reason why or why no)

  已存 谢谢

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2009-07-15 23:48:39 豆沙包子馅 (自由是一种重负)

  mark

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 2009-07-16 00:35:04 [已注销]

  mark

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2010-01-12 14:05:48 ten (♥ & ☮)

  mark

  回应 删除 举报广告
• 

  2010-01-15 15:53:24 faithfy (这个世界上最大的奢侈品是梦想。)

  mark mark

  回应 删除 举报广告

> 我来回应

这个小组的成员也喜欢去  · · · · · ·

豆瓣GRE小组 (8476)

考G考T (5855)

TOEFL iBT (5980)

托福|TOEFL (8660)

北美豆瓣 (7084)

留学在外 (26772)